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This is a common design for a rodent euthanasia chamber using baking soda and vinegar to generate the required CO2.
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3). Ferret Talk Stickies. Auslander
. maceration for DOC → death is almost instantaneous, Appropriate for animals with thin craniums, Trained/proficient personnel, but personnel can/will become fatigued (physically, emotionally), Strive for other options, this is a good last resort, DIFFICULT because of strength needed, resolve, knowledge of anatomy, only have one chance, thick skulls, needs resolve, Captive bolt: penetrating and non-penetrating, Follow with exsanguination to ensure death, Ballista Penetrating Bolt Gun $60, spring loaded, PRACTICE, PRACTICE, PRACTICE on dead animals first and dissect skull/brain. In this circumstance, they may purchase timed pregnant jills, although another alternative is to maintain in-house breeding. Otherwise, especially with young ferrets, their rambunctious behavior may make handling difficult. It is beneficial to offer a moist supplement in addition to a dry diet during the transition ( Bell 1999 ). MT
Ferrets are easily removed from their cage or other enclosure by being grasped by one hand around the thorax, although large males may require the use of both hands.
Pathogenesis of experimentally induced rabies in domestic ferrets. Despite the relatively small numbers used in the laboratory, ferrets have some unique applications including study of human influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated corona virus. Although the number of animals used may be small compared with other laboratory animal species, they occupy a distinct niche in research. Some endangered or migratory species may require approval by the appropriate federal agency prior to euthanasia. Ferrets are also highly susceptible to human influenza viruses, as described above (see Ferrets as Animal Models in Research). J
Veterinary Euthanasia Techniques: A Practical Guide provides detailed guidance on euthanasia procedures in a wide variety of species, including dogs, cats, exotics, horses, and production animals. All you need is a computer (or similar device) with an internet connection. Ferret growth curve, obtained from Marshall BioResources, approximately 50 ferrets per age group.
The following euthanasia methods are recommendations consistent with the AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2020 Edition.Please consult a Veterinary Resources Veterinarian as necessary to identify the most appropriate method of euthanasia to ensure animal welfare while accomplishing your research objectives. It can be difficult, however, to apply mammalian methods of euthanasia to species with unique physiology such as birds.
Klenk
Thompson
2001 ). Filtered containers designed for specific pathogen-free rodents are sometimes used for ferrets to prevent exposure to influenza virus while in transit. Humane euthanasia may be achieved by using injectable sedation or anesthesia followed by barbiturate euthanasia. . The most typical procedure involves an intravenous injection of a barbiturate anesthetic given at a high concentration (overdose). They have distinct behaviors and a unique biology. Older ferrets, in particular, may develop heart disease. Renée Schott is the Medical Director and a Senior Veterinarian at the Wildlife Rehabilitation Center of Minnesota (WRCMN), one of the largest rehabilitation centers in the country. Smith
Fox
1998 ).
Anything that results in anorexia of the jill can precipitate this syndrome through development of a negative energy state, especially in late gestation or with a high fetal burden.
Ferrets have also been useful as a model for nutrition research due to their similarity to humans in carotenoid metabolism ( Wang et al. 13). 1992 ).
Wildlife often present to veterinarians and wildlife rehabilitators with conditions that warrant euthanasia.
1998 ; Morrisey and Ramer 1999 ).
2002 , Ch.
Stoskopf
Conservative treatment with laxatives may be curative; otherwise, surgery is indicated ( Quesenberry and Carpenter 2004 , Ch. you will be able to view and listen to the webinar. This method of restraint is particularly useful for taking a rectal temperature or giving an intramuscular injection ( Scipioni Ball 2002 ).
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1). Researchers should be aware that neither procedure, alone or in combination, will entirely eliminate the mustelid scent. Regardless of container design, additional safeguards must be applied during very warm weather (e.g., > 85°F) due to the heat sensitivity of ferrets ( Fox et al. 2003 ). O'Toole
Neoplastic diseases in ferrets: 574 cases (1968-1997). 2002 ). These regulations have also been accepted by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, the Office International des Epizooties, and the European Union ( IATA-LAR 2005 ).
Ferrets are delivered by ground transportation, air, or a combination of the two. Vendors should provide only pregnant jills that have a history of successful delivery and lactation to minimize complications.
West
Flow rate must displace no more than 30% of the chamber volume/minute. For more complete restraint, the ferret may be grasped by the skin at the base of the neck, a procedure called scruffing. . Active euthanasia involves an external act by a third party; passive euthanasia is when something is eliminated from a person's care regime, causing that person's death as a result. For this reason, it is important to consider exposure potential and to maintain an available supply of emergency medicines including antihistamines, steroids, and epinephrine. Signs may be similar to distemper but are less severe and with reduced mortality ( Fox 1998 , Ch. R
Correa
Treatments that have been described and compared include topical use of ivermectin in propylene glycol ( Patterson and Kirchain 1999 ). Please note: These notes are intended to serve as a supplement or aid during the webinar recording, and will likely be updated before the webinar recording is posted. We use our best judgement; paddling, vocalizations, convulsions before apparent loss of consciousness is obviously suffering. 1).
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Sutcliffe
Euthanasia is defined as being an act of either killing or permitting the death of a terminally ill or hopelessly injured individual or animal by using a humane, painless method for reasons of mercy. RP
In this circumstance, it is necessary to provide a litter box, which ferrets can be trained to use relatively easily ( Quesenberry and Carpenter 2004 , Ch. 19; Mullen and Beeber 2000 ; Quesenberry and Carpenter 2004 , Ch.
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Uses of the ferret have varied. .
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One safety concern relative to immunization is the occurrence of anaphylactic reactions to one or both of the vaccines described above ( Greenacre 2003 ; Moore et al. Comparison of three treatments for control of ear mites in ferrets. LC
Proulx
Sorhage
Sodium pentobarbital ≥100 mg/kg intraperitoneal (IP) or intravenous (IV).
Ferrets normally maintain an arched position with their backs, typical of other mustelids such as weasels. Timely awareness by the research facility of delays in the process will minimize any negative impact. Most neoplastic diseases occur in older animals, but some are observed in young adults.
Wildlife often present to veterinarians and wildlife rehabilitators with conditions that warrant euthanasia. Deschambault
Whary
For small sample quantities or injections, including catheter placement, cephalic or lateral saphenous venipuncture is indicated ( Hem et al. Protozoa including Coccidia and Giardia have been described but are usually present subclinically ( Fox 1998 , Ch. In addition, the Laboratory Animal Science Association recently formed a Transport Working Group with the goal of defining standards that ensure good practice and full compliance with national and international legislation governing laboratory animal transport ( Swallow et al. 2004 ). Engler
Such fearful behavior may be evidenced by a vocalization best characterized as a screech. Ferrets are cute, curious, and giggle-inducing pets. Physiologic components to discuss: breath holding in “diving birds”, large animal, thrashing. Caging systems are readily accessible either commercially or through modification of pre-existing equipment. For this reason, optimal transportation conditions are extremely important and warrant careful consideration. Additionally, Renée is involved in teaching courses at the University of Minnesota-College of Veterinary Medicine and she is a Course Instructor for the International Wildlife Rehabilitation Council.
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This fall 2020 Dr. Renée Schott will share a non-interactive webinar recording about this important topic. Investigators sometimes request preshipment castration and/or “descenting” of male ferrets. S
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Proper handling and restraint techniques are crucial not only for husbandry (see Social and Behavioral Needs) but also for the conduct of experimental procedures ( Moody et al. 1999 ; Dalrymple 2004 ). BH
. Conditions for in vitro maturation and artificial activation of ferret oocytes.
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It is also very important to ensure that the transition to a new environment is nonstressful.
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Suicide is painful and messy and horrifying – and I completely understand if you are sitting here thinking “yes, well so … DH
Animal Species Method of Euthanasia Large Animals Dog Cat a) Ferret Sheep Goat Pig Monkey Carbon dioxide (CO2) Inhalation to effect. BACKGROUND.
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They weigh only 8 to 10 g, and their eyes do not open until approximately 30 days of age ( Quesenberry and Carpenter 2004 , Ch. P
Murphy
As outlined above (see Ferrets as Animal Models in Biomedical Research), ferrets are used in a variety of research applications that require anesthesia for surgery or other experimental procedures. Ferrets—Clinical pathology and sample collection.
The progress of the litter may be sufficiently ascertained without removing the jill from the nest or handling the kits.
Upon request, any veterinarian or animal protection organization utilizing an euthanasia method for the destruction of small domestic animals must disclose all methods that are utilized by … A
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These design elements include the following: viewing ports, ventilation areas, feed and watering devices, structural components that promote hygiene, and proper labeling. The domestic or European ferret ( Mustela putorius furo ) has been domesticated for thousands of years. Perioperative considerations for ferrets are similar to those of other laboratory species, albeit with some exceptions. This situation, however, is often confined to transport distances of several hundred miles or less. The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (the Guide, NRC 2011) states: "Unless a deviation is justified for scientific or medical reasons, methods should be consistent with the AVMA Guidelines on Euthanasia (AVMA 2007 or later editions)." Taylor
. Ferrets have been described as obligate carnivores, and although their complete nutritional requirements are unknown, it is accepted that a high-protein, high-fat, low-fiber, meat-based diet is necessary to support good health ( Bell 1999 ).
Another integral part of the health care program is awareness of common ferret diseases. Dr. Ball is currently a consultant with Marshall BioResources and resides in Superior, MT. 15.
These factors underscore the need to select a palatable, high-quality diet. 2002 , Ch. Rodents weighing > 500grams. The diet should be made available ad libitum; offering a wet mash supplement of the diet mixed with warm water to a soft consistency will encourage food and water consumption. Surgical intervention should be considered if gestation reaches 43 days. P
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Rabbit cages are most commonly adapted because the height and square footage are generally suitable. 1). Briggs
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Page 3 of 4 Summary Table of Allowable Methods of Euthanasia for IUB Animal Species Species METHOD1,19 Amphibians Birds Fish Ferrets/Bats Rabbits Reptiles Rodents and Small Animals Barbiturates2 A A A A A A A Injectable anesthetics3 A A U A A A A Inhalant anesthetics4 U AC U AC AC AC AC Carbon dioxide5 U AC U AC AC U AC Y
It is the color pattern requested by most researchers, in contrast with the many coat color variations that abound in the pet industry. Chavez
I have heard many stories about ferrets wasting away after the loss of their cage mate. Because ferrets have a strong natural tendency to defecate in the back corners of the cage, suspended floors with 1 inch grids will facilitate passage of stools into the drop pan below.
Differences between sevoflurane and desflurane were obvious only during the final stages of elimination; large amounts of anesthetics are absorbed during anesthesia and significant amounts remain in the body for days after apparent recovery. 1985 ).
MA
In general, the euthanasia is rapid, usually within seconds, and very peaceful. However, if the life support machine is withdrawn without any medications, the patient might experience moments of … I have a ferret who I have had since she was 8 weeks old and she is now 7. Euthanasia is practice that helps people who are terminally ill or in extreme pain end their lives.
. . For hundreds of years the animals were used to hunt rabbits and other small mammals. Lactation failure may occur but is usually secondary to problems such as inadequate food or water intake, stress, or illness. Wire mesh or vent openings must allow for sufficient exchange of air but not compromise safety or hygiene from spilled bedding and excrement.
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These infections typically occur within the first month of life. Systemic illness in both the jill and kits may occur. Ferret Adoptions.
This supplement will allow the young kits to begin eating solid food, which initiates weaning.
Dog food is not suitable for ferrets due to the amount of cereal-based protein in most commercial diets.
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It is difficult to know exactly how many ferrets are used in biomedical research. Euthanasia solution ≥86 mg/kg IP or IV.
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), May cause distress in animals by three mechanisms, Pain due to formation of carbonic acid on respiratory and ocular membranes (pain starts at about 40% CO, Feeling of breathlessness→ in humans, this starts at 8% and intensifies with higher concentrations, Direct stimulation of ion channels with the amygdala associated with the fear response, How sodium pentobarbital works in mammals, Sodium pentobarbital solutions are caustic and it can hurt if given in an inappropriate spot. Eickmann
Prescott
Pretreatment with diphenhydramine has been used for ferrets that have demonstrated allergic signs to previous immunizations ( Moore et al.
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Efforts to prepare ferrets as research subjects in the laboratory are successfully achieved only through in-depth study. This assessment is especially important for young or pregnant animals, during times of climatic extremes, or in the event of shipment delays.
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