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The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands. More than 500 people died (most from the ensuing tsunami) and over a million people lost their homes. East of the Andes, on the continent, or north of it, on the island of Tierra del Fuego are located relatively flat plains, which in the Strait of Magellan cover large areas. [104] By 2050 the population is expected to reach approximately 20.2 million people. To the south, the Cordillera de la Costa reappears in the range of Nahuelbuta while glacial sediments originate a series of lakes in the area of La Frontera. Chile has appeared in nine FIFA World Cups which includes hosting the 1962 FIFA World Cup where the national football team finished third. [141], The Constitution guarantees the right to freedom of religion, and other laws and policies contribute to generally free religious practice. Secondary education is divided into two parts: During the first two years, students receive a general education. Británicos y Anglosajones en Chile durante el siglo XIX", "Alemanes en Chile: entre el pasado colono y el presente empresarial", "entrevista al Presidente de la Cámara vasca", "Chile: Palestinian refugees arrive to warm welcome", "500,000 descendientes de primera y segunda generación de palestinos en Chile", "Arabs in the Andes? [10] The regime ended in 1990 after a referendum in 1988 and was succeeded by a center-left coalition which ruled until 2010. There have been many arguments between Chileans and Peruvians since the 1800s because they both claim boundary coastal lines. Most answered "White" (59%), while 25% said "Mestizo" and 8% self-classified as "indigenous". Grassland is found in Atlantic Chile (in Patagonia). The 2011 Latinobarómetro survey asked respondents in Chile what race they considered themselves to belong to. Tennis is Chile's most successful sport. Edn 10. The first years of the regime were marked by human rights violations. [40], The economic problems were also exacerbated by Allende's public spending which was financed mostly by printing money and poor credit ratings given by commercial banks. However, like the Texan flag, the flag of Chile is modeled after the Flag of the United States.[90]. In the 1980s it was estimated that some 35,000 German Chileans spoke German,[1] but today it is spoken only by some 20,000, most of them living in Los Ríos and Los Lagos Region. Main sources of electricity in Chile are hydroelectricity, gas, oil and coal. Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, 1980, Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W. and Stalpers, J. By relinquishing power to a democratically elected successor, Ibáñez del Campo retained the respect of a large enough segment of the population to remain a viable politician for more than thirty years, in spite of the vague and shifting nature of his ideology. [117] In 2002 a census took place, directly asking the public whether they considered themselves as part of any of the eight Chilean ethnic groups, regardless of whether or not they maintained their culture, traditions and language, and 4.6 percent of the population (692,192 people) fitted that description of indigenous peoples in Chile. [105] About 85 percent of the country's population lives in urban areas, with 40 percent living in Greater Santiago. [63] On 15 November, most of the political parties represented in the National Congress signed an agreement to call a national referendum in April 2020 regarding the creation of a new Constitution, later postponed to October due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The most popular place to take language courses in Chile is at a language school. [199]. The accent of the Chileans is similar to the Latin Americans at the primary stage. Surfing is popular at some coastal towns. In 2012, Chile won its first Paralympic Games medal (gold in Athletics). However, this perspective has also been criticised for underestimating the power of economic incentives for expanded production in other parts of the world. Marcelo Ríos became the first Latin American man to reach the number one spot in the ATP singles rankings in 1998. They speak Spanish in their own way, style and mannerisms while talking. Chile, The Unlikely Long-Term Home of a Large Palestinian Community", Estimación de Población Extranjera en Chile, al 31 de diciembre de 2019, "Chile: Moving Towards a Migration Policy", "El debate sobre la inmigración ilegal se extiende a la región", "Population 15 years of age or older, by religion, region, sex and age groups. The measure was passed unanimously by Congress. Biofuels and waste account for another 20.5% of primary energy supply, with the rest sourced from hydro and other renewables.[183]. All 33 men were brought to the surface two months later on 13 October 2010 over a period of almost 24 hours, an effort that was carried on live television around the world. [162] The Chilean economy finished 2004 with growth of 6 percent. In September 2005, President Ricardo Lagos signed into law several constitutional amendments passed by Congress. Of the fleet of 29 surface vessels, only eight are operational major combatants (frigates). Chileans voted in the first round of presidential elections on 17 November 2013. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons", Chile: Ciudades, Pueblos, Aldeas y Caseríos 2005, "Antarctic Treaty: Information about the Antarctic Treaty and how Antarctica is governed", "Chilean and Antarctic Fossils Reveal the Last "Geologic Minutes" of the Age of Dinosaurs [Slide Show]", "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material", "Cybertruffle's Robigalia – Observations of fungi and their associated organisms", "Chile: Proyecciones y Estimaciones de Población. Viña del Mar, Valparaíso's more affluent northern neighbor, is popular because of its beaches, casino, and its annual song festival, the most important musical event in Latin America. Read about itineraries, activities, places to stay and travel essentials and get inspiration from the blog in the best guide to Chile. The official language of Chile is Spanish but by law, the indigenous languages are protected and their use is encouraged. The top league in the Chilean football league system is the Chilean Primera División, which is named by the IFFHS as the ninth strongest national football league in the world.[200]. [139], Church and state are officially separate in Chile. When thinking about studying Spanish in Chile, the problem isn’t finding a language program, the problem is choosing one! Add to that the enormous length of Chile (over 4,300 km (2,672 mi)) and this results in a wide range of climates and environments that can be divided into three general zones: the desert provinces of the north, central Chile, and the humid regions of the south. A strong presidency eventually emerged, but wealthy landowners remained powerful.[26]. However, Chile's mountainous landscape limits the extent and intensity of agriculture so that arable land corresponds only to 2.62% of the total territory. Chilean education is segregated by wealth in a three-tiered system – the quality of the schools reflect socioeconomic backgrounds: Upon successful graduation of secondary school, students may continue into higher education. The existence of rivers flowing through the territory allows the formation of transverse valleys, where agriculture has developed strongly in recent times, while the coastal plains begin to expand. A long, narrow country, it extends approximately 2,700 miles and has an average width of just 110 miles. [26], Conquest took place gradually, and the Europeans suffered repeated setbacks. Soon after, the country engaged in a vastly expensive naval arms race with Argentina that nearly led to war. Rodeo is the country's national sport and is practiced in the more rural areas of the nation. At the 2004 Summer Olympics the country captured gold and bronze in men's singles and gold in men's doubles. [citation needed], The Central Bank of Chile in Santiago serves as the central bank for the country. [54] The government launched market-oriented reforms with Hernán Büchi as Minister of Finance. [95], There are many species of small birds, but most of the larger common Latin American types are absent. It is thought that due to the importance of lithium for batteries for electric vehicles and stabilization of electric grids with large proportions of intermittent renewables in the electricity mix, Chile could be strengthened geopolitically. [178] Museums in Chile such as the Chilean National Museum of Fine Arts built in 1880, feature works by Chilean artists. [168] Using the relative yardstick favoured in many European countries, 27% of Chileans would be poor, according to Juan Carlos Feres of the ECLAC. The United States offered help with a treaty for both Peru and Chile, better known as the Treaty of Ancón. 304US$ for 2 weeks is the lowest price for a Spanish course in Chile. After declaring independence from Spain in 1818, Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic. Agnostics and atheist were estimated at 25% of the population. A military junta, led by General Augusto Pinochet, took control of the country. (Antofagasta), Carriel Sur International Airport (Concepción), El Tepual International Airport (Puerto Montt), Presidente Carlos Ibáñez del Campo International Airport (Punta Arenas), La Araucanía International Airport (Temuco), Mataveri International Airport (Easter Island), the most remote airport in the world, as defined by distance to another airport, and the Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport (Santiago) with a traffic of 12,105,524 passengers in 2011. The folklore of Chile, cultural and demographic characteristics of the country, is the result of mixture of Spanish and Amerindian elements that occurred during the colonial period. Wéon (spelt huevón) This is probably the most commonly used word in the Chilean language. The population is estimated at 210,567, 86.1 percent of whom were Spanish or of European descent, 10 percent of whom were indigenous and 3.7 percent of whom were mestizos, blacks and mulattos.[28]. Chile had to control sea shipping to Peru and sent out an army to invade Peru on 8 October 1879. [153], The Ministry of Health (Minsal) is the cabinet-level administrative office in charge of planning, directing, coordinating, executing, controlling and informing the public health policies formulated by the President of Chile. The raw minced llama, heavy use of shellfish and rice bread were taken from native Quechua Andean cuisine, (although now beef brought to Chile by Europeans is also used in place of the llama meat), lemon and onions were brought by the Spanish colonists, and the use of mayonnaise and yogurt was introduced by German immigrants, as was beer. British schools are common and some have long histories that derive from English migrants in the 19th century. As the armed forces bombarded the presidential palace, Allende apparently committed suicide. The two countries maintain consular relations and are represented at the Consul General level. Latest Stories. [5] The number who master Chilean Sign Language is uncertain, but if it follows the general norm of one in four deaf persons having learnt sign language[citation needed], the number of sign language users in Chile should be around 16,000. At the same time, attempts were made to strengthen sovereignty in southern Chile intensifying penetration into Araucanía and colonizing Llanquihue with German immigrants in 1848. Los Andes begin to decrease its altitude to the south and closer to the coast, reaching 90 km away at the height of Illapel, the narrowest part of the Chilean territory. The 1964 presidential election of Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Montalva by an absolute majority initiated a period of major reform. Chile also took delivery in 2007 of a number of reconditioned Block 15 F-16s from the Netherlands, bringing to 18 the total of F-16s purchased from the Dutch. Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres (480,000 sq mi) of Antarctica under the Chilean Antarctic Territory. Aymara is spoken in the Andes region of the north, Quechua in the north, and Rapa Nui is spoken on Easter Island. Registration is reported to be simple and transparent, and foreign investors are guaranteed access to the official foreign exchange market to repatriate their profits and capital. Total País 1950–2050", "Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI", "Ethnicity and race as variables in epidemiological research about inequity", "Genetic epidemiology of single gene defects in Chile", "Estudio genético en chilenos muestra desconocida herencia africana | El Dínamo", "Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America", "El gradiente sociogenético chileno y sus implicaciones ético-sociales", "Chile's Supreme Court Upholds Indigenous Water Use Rights", "Historia de Chile: Otros Artículos. The intermediate depression reappears becoming a fertile valley that allows agricultural development and human settlement, due to sediment accumulation. [172] Under the compulsory private pension system, most formal sector employees pay 10 percent of their salaries into privately managed funds. During the last glaciation, this area was covered by ice that strongly eroded Chilean relief structures. Much of the Chilean flora is distinct from that of neighboring Argentina, indicating that the Andean barrier existed during its formation. The cultural heritage of Chile consists, first, of its intangible heritage, composed of various cultural events and activities, such as visual arts, crafts, dances, holidays, cuisine, games, music and traditions. Southern Chile is rich in forests, grazing lands, and features a string of volcanoes and lakes. Chile has the highest degree of economic freedom in South America (ranking 7th worldwide), owing to its independent and efficient judicial system and prudent public finance management. Important airports in Chile include Chacalluta International Airport (Arica), Diego Aracena International Airport (Iquique), Andrés Sabella Gálvez International Airport The economy began to boom due to the discovery of silver ore in Chañarcillo, and the growing trade of the port of Valparaíso, which led to conflict over maritime supremacy in the Pacific with Peru. Whole paragraph same as in Ravi Jyee et al., eds., World Encyclopaedia of American Countries, vol. Each region is designated by a name and a Roman numeral assigned from north to south, except for the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which does not have a number. [26], Chile has signed free trade agreements (FTAs) with a whole network of countries, including an FTA with the United States that was signed in 2003 and implemented in January 2004. If one considers only mainland territory, Chile is unique within this group in its narrowness from east to west, with the other long north–south countries (including Brazil, Russia, Canada, and the United States, among others) all being wider from east to west by a factor of more than 10. [175], Agriculture in Chile encompasses a wide range of different activities due to its particular geography, climate and geology and human factors. Immaculate Conceptio… [159] As of 2020, Chile ranks third in Latin America (behind Uruguay and Panama) in nominal GDP per capita. Through the founding of Fort Bulnes by the Schooner Ancud under the command of John Williams Wilson, the Magallanes region joined the country in 1843, while the Antofagasta region, at the time part of Bolivia, began to fill with people. [97] Chile had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.37/10, ranking it 43rd globally out of 172 countries. [16], Other theories say Chile may derive its name from a Native American word meaning either 'ends of the earth' or 'sea gulls';[17] from the Mapuche word chilli, which may mean 'where the land ends'"[18] or from the Quechua chiri, 'cold',[19] or tchili, meaning either 'snow'[19][20] or "the deepest point of the Earth". In the 2005 parliamentary election, both leading parties, the Christian Democrats and the UDI lost representation in favor of their respective allies Socialist Party (which became the biggest party in the Concertación block) and National Renewal in the right-wing alliance. It settled all its territorial disputes with Argentina during the 1990s except for part of the border at Southern Patagonian Ice Field. Air assets are distributed among five air brigades headquartered in Iquique, Antofagasta, Santiago, Puerto Montt, and Punta Arenas. In 1837, the country aggressively challenged the dominance of Peru's port of Callao for preeminence in the Pacific trade routes, defeating the short-lived alliance between Peru and Bolivia, the Peru-Bolivian Confederation (1836–39) in the War of the Confederation. Patagonia extends from within Reloncavi, at the height of parallel 41°S, to the south. The official language of Chile is Spanish. and Greater Valparaíso with 824,000. "Dictionary of the Fungi". This development culminated with the 1973 Chilean coup d'état that overthrew Salvador Allende's democratically elected left-wing government and instituted a 16-year right-wing military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet that left more than 3,000 people dead or missing. [64] On 25 October 2020, Chileans voted 78.28 per cent in favor of a new constitution, while 21.72 per cent rejected the change. Chile's 2017 census reported a population of 17,574,003. [139], The Chilean government treats the religious holidays of Christmas, Good Friday, the Feast of the Virgin of Carmen, the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul, the Feast of the Assumption, All Saints' Day, and the Feast of the Immaculate Conception as national holidays. Despite royal prohibitions, relations remained strained from continual colonialist interference. All six have been judged free and fair. The diverse climate of Chile ranges from the world's driest desert in the north—the Atacama Desert—through a Mediterranean climate in the center, humid subtropical in Easter Island, to an oceanic climate, including alpine tundra and glaciers in the east and south. Huemul are seen to the southern Argentina and Chile. Between 1950 and 1970 appears a rebirth in folk music leading by groups such as Los de Ramón, Los Cuatro Huasos and Los Huasos Quincheros, among others[190] with composers such as Raúl de Ramón, Violeta Parra and others. [26] The national flower is the copihue (Lapageria rosea, Chilean bellflower), which grows in the woods of southern Chile. As a result, the intermediate depression sinks in the sea, while the coastal mountains rise to a series of archipelagos, such as Chiloé and the Chonos, disappearing in Taitao peninsula, in the parallel 47°S. [1], Although it is estimated that 500,000 to 550,000 Chileans have some German ancestry, the number who speak German has been in decline since the end of World War II. It and the Lauca River are shared with Bolivia, as well as the Lluta River. In the 1970 election, Senator Salvador Allende of the Socialist Party of Chile (then part of the "Popular Unity" coalition which included the Communists, Radicals, Social-Democrats, dissident Christian Democrats, the Popular Unitary Action Movement, and the Independent Popular Action),[26] achieved a partial majority in a plurality of votes in a three-way contest, followed by candidates Radomiro Tomic for the Christian Democrat Party and Jorge Alessandri for the Conservative Party. [169], As of November 2012[update], about 11.1 million people (64% of the population) benefit from government welfare programs,[170][clarification needed] via the "Social Protection Card", which includes the population living in poverty and those at a risk of falling into poverty. In the middle of the Pacific, the country has sovereignty over several islands of volcanic origin, collectively known as Insular Chile. Because of its proximity to Santiago, the coast of the Valparaíso Region, with its many beach resorts, receives the largest number of tourists. [142] Government officials attend Roman Catholic events as well as major Evangelical and Jewish ceremonies. New Delhi: Afro-Asian-American Chamber of Commerce Occupational Research and Development, 2016. The Chilean government has diplomatic relations with most countries. Secondary school ends two years later on the acquirement of a certificate (licencia de enseñanza media).[151]. The Chilean economy partially degenerated into a system protecting the interests of a ruling oligarchy. For instance, during the Pinochet regime the chief of the Chilean Catholic Church, Cardinal Raúl Silva Henríquez, took a firm stand against the government's human rights abuses. In the 1960s and 1970s, the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil. Find links to Chile newspapers and news media. Among the coastal mountains and the Pacific is a series of coastal plains, of variable length, which allow the settlement of coastal towns and big ports. Primary school is provided for children between ages 6 and 13. Arising from music imported by the Spanish colonists, it is distinguished from the cueca by an intermediate melodic section and a more prominent melody. The Chilean currency is the Chilean peso (CLP). [164], Chile is rich in mineral resources, especially copper and lithium. [12] It also ranks high regionally in sustainability of the state, and democratic development. [161] In 2012, there were 3.276 million main lines in use and 24.13 million mobile cellular telephone subscribers. [140], Chile has a Baháʼí religious community, and is home to the mother temple of the Baháʼís for Latin America, which was completed in 2016 and has been described as futuristic and translucent in its architectural style. In continental Chile, the Atacama Desert in the north and the Andes mountains to the east are barriers that have led to the isolation of flora and fauna. [158] In 2006, Chile became the country with the highest nominal GDP per capita in Latin America. A rescue effort organized by the Chilean government located the miners 17 days later. Those ships are based in Valparaíso. Although once prolific throughout the Andean region of Chile and Argentina, the national animal of Chile the population of South Andean huemul has been dwindling rapidly. [164] 14% of central government revenue came directly from copper in 2012. [12] Since July 2013, Chile is considered by the World Bank as a "high-income economy".[154][155][156]. Film production originated in Valparaíso on 26 May 1902 with the premiere of the documentary Exercise General Fire Brigade, the first film completely filmed and processed in the country. The country is an active member of the UN family of agencies and participates in UN peacekeeping activities. 179–80. The Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina confirmed Chilean sovereignty over the Strait of Magellan. In the 2001 congressional elections, the conservative Independent Democratic Union (UDI) surpassed the Christian Democrats for the first time to become the largest party in the lower house. Noteworthy are the Elqui with 75 km[103] long, 142 km Aconcagua, Maipo with 250 km[103] and its tributary, the Mapocho with 110 km, and Maule with 240 km. In the mid-1960s native musical forms were revitalized by the Parra family with the Nueva canción Chilena, which was associated with political activists and reformers such as Víctor Jara, Inti-Illimani, and Quilapayún. but Wesleyan, Lutheran, Anglican, Episcopalian, Presbyterian, other Reformed, Baptist, and Methodist churches also are present amongst Chilean Evangelical churches. [92] It is the world's southernmost country that is geographically on the mainland. In 1808, Napoleon's enthronement of his brother Joseph as the Spanish King precipitated the drive by the colony for independence from Spain. Chile ratified it in 2008. The attempt was also made to The United States but failed badly in October 1880. This area is also the historical center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century, when it integrated the northern and southern regions. In the late 1980s, largely as a result of events such as the 1982 economic collapse[53] and mass civil resistance in 1983–88, the government gradually permitted greater freedom of assembly, speech, and association, to include trade union and political activity. In the following decades, marked milestones The deck of Death (or The Enigma of Lord Street) (1916), considered the first film of a Chilean story, The transmission of presidential (1920), the first animated film in the country, and North and South (1934), the first sound film of Chile. [164] The current account deficit was 4% in the first quarter of 2013, financed mostly by foreign direct investment. Of that number, 87.3% declared themselves Mapuche. [citation needed] Finally, Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean is one of the main Chilean tourist destinations. [nb 2]. More than 12 million beneficiaries benefit from Fonasa. It is characterized by the presence of the Atacama desert, the most arid in the world. Francisco Hurtado, Governor of the province of Chiloé, conducted a census in 1784 and found the population consisted of 26,703 inhabitants, 64.4 percent of whom were whites and 33.5 percent of whom were natives. German was once spoken by a significant percentage of the Chilean population, and about 150,000 to 200,000 Chileans are of some some degree of German descent. A massive Mapuche insurrection that began in 1553 resulted in Valdivia's death and the destruction of many of the colony's principal settlements. The national authorities of the Roman Catholic Church have historically exerted a high degree of influence in Chile. This was later signed by both of them on 20 October 1883 to keep peace between them. Their waters mainly flow from Andean snowmelt in the summer and winter rains. If you want to be able to speak with a Chilean, use Spanish. Due to cultural and historical reasons, they are classified and distinguished four major areas in the country: northern areas, central, southern and south. Chile borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. The National Anthem of Chile ( Himno Nacional de Chile in Spanish) is also known as La Canción Nacional (or National Song). With the return of democratic government, the police were placed under the operational control of the Interior Ministry but remained under the nominal control of the Defense Ministry. [41] In the south, it took European conquerors more than 300 years to colonise the resisting Mapuche Indians. [44][45] After the coup, Henry Kissinger told U.S. president Richard Nixon that the United States had "helped" the coup.[46]. [108][109] In 1994, a biological study determined that the Chilean composition was 64% European and 35% Amerindian. It was re-elected as a member of the UN Human Rights Council in 2011 for a three-year term. [18] Ultimately, Almagro is credited with the universalization of the name Chile, after naming the Mapocho valley as such. [123] European migration did not result in a significant change in the ethnic composition of Chile, except in the region of Magellan. Among the list of other Chilean poets are Carlos Pezoa Véliz, Vicente Huidobro, Gonzalo Rojas, Pablo de Rokha, Nicanor Parra and Raúl Zurita. Chile, country situated along the western seaboard of South America. The main tourist sites in the south are national parks (the most popular is Conguillío National Park in the Araucanía)[citation needed] and the coastal area around Tirúa and Cañete with the Isla Mocha and the Nahuelbuta National Park, Chiloé Archipelago and Patagonia, which includes Laguna San Rafael National Park, with its many glaciers, and the Torres del Paine National Park. [26], In 1520, while attempting to circumnavigate the globe, Ferdinand Magellan discovered the southern passage now named after him (the Strait of Magellan) thus becoming the first European to set foot on what is now Chile. [181] The bus system covers the entire country, from Arica to Santiago (a 30-hour journey) and from Santiago to Punta Arenas (about 40 hours, with a change at Osorno).
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